Common Peacock Banjhakri falls Sikkim 2010 04 13 IMG 3492 (4595237911)

This is a list of the butterflies of family

Papilionidae Swallowtail butterflies are large, colorful butterflies in the family Papilionidae, and include over 550 species. Though the majority are tropical, members of the family inhabit every continent except Antarctica. The family includes the larg ...

(superfamily

Papilionoidea The superfamily Papilionoidea (from the genus '' Papilio'', meaning "butterfly") contains all the butterflies except for the moth-like Hedyloidea. The members of the Papilionoidea may be distinguished by the following combination of character ...

), or the swallowtails, which are found in

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

. This family of large and beautiful butterflies is well represented with 89 species found within Indian borders.Evans (1932) states, in a table on pg 23, the number of papilionids in the Indian subcontinent as 90; 15 species being found in Ceylon, 19 in

South India South India, also known as Dakshina Bharata or Peninsular India, consists of the peninsular southern part of India. It encompasses the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana, as well as the union territ ...

, 6 in Baluchistan, 11 in Chitral, 31 in the western

Himalayas The Himalayas, or Himalaya (; ; ), is a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has some of the planet's highest peaks, including the very highest, Mount Everest. Over 10 ...

, 69 in

Northeast India , native_name_lang = mni , settlement_type = , image_skyline = , image_alt = , image_caption = , motto = , image_map = Northeast india.png , ...

, 50 in southern

Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...

and 13 in the Andaman and Nicobar islands. Wynter-Blyth (1957) gives a modified version of the same table on p. 12, where the overall number of species is 94; with differences being in total number of species for Northeast

(62) and

(66). The present list is based on the IUCN red data book, with corrections made by subsequent editors especially in the

Parnassiinae The Parnassiinae or snow Apollos are a subfamily of the swallowtail butterfly family, Papilionidae. The subfamily includes about 50 medium-sized, white or yellow species. The snow Apollos are high-altitude butterflies and are distributed across ...

. Kunte (2000) on p. 55 mentions a total of 107 species with 19 in peninsular

. Varshney & Smetacek (2015), which this article follows, lists 89 species. Two of the three papilionid subfamilies are represented in India, namely, the

or Apollos, with 19 species, and the Papilioninae or swallowtails, with 70 species. The area of India falls in the Indomalayan realm, except for the Himalayas above and beyond the foothills adjoining the Indo-Gangetic Plains, and which fall in the

Palearctic realm The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The realm consists of several bioregions: the Euro-Sib ...

, resulting in increased diversity of papilionid butterflies, especially the '' Parnassiini'' or snow Apollos, all species of which are Palearctic. Indian swallowtails are spread over all the

biome A biome () is a biogeographical unit consisting of a biological community that has formed in response to the physical environment in which they are found and a shared regional climate. Biomes may span more than one continent. Biome is a broader ...

ecoregion An ecoregion (ecological region) or ecozone (ecological zone) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion, which in turn is smaller than a biogeographic realm. Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of ...

s of India. The Malabar banded peacock ('' Papilio buddha'') and the Malabar banded swallowtail (''

Papilio liomedon ''Papilio liomedon'', the Malabar banded swallowtail, is a member of the swallowtail butterfly family found in southern India. Earlier considered a subspecies of the banded swallowtail ('' Papilio demolion'') of southeast Asia, it is now consid ...

'') fly at sea level while the Apollos (''

Parnassius ''Parnassius'' is a genus of northern circumpolar and montane (alpine and Himalayan) butterflies usually known as Apollos or snow Apollos. They can vary in colour and form significantly based on their altitude. They also show an adaptation to h ...

'' species), are to be found only in the highest alpine meadows of the

. Some species such as the common Mormon (''

Papilio polytes ''Papilio polytes'', the common Mormon, is a common species of swallowtail butterfly widely distributed across Asia. This butterfly is known for the mimicry displayed by the numerous forms of its females which mimic inedible red-bodied swall ...

'') and the blue Mormon (''

Papilio polymnestor ''Papilio polymnestor'', the blue Mormon, is a large swallowtail butterfly found in south India and Sri Lanka. It is the "state butterfly" of the Indian state of Maharashtra. With a wingspan of 120–150 mm, it is the fourth largest butterfly of ...

'') fly at ground level whereas others, such as the tailed jay (''

Graphium agamemnon ''Graphium agamemnon'', the tailed jay, is a predominantly green and black tropical butterfly that belongs to the swallowtail family. The butterfly is also called the green-spotted triangle, tailed green jay, or green triangle. It is a common, n ...

'') are normally found flying high in the forest canopy. The lime butterfly ('' Papilio demoleus'') is a creature of arid scrub-land, occasionally being spotted even in the

Thar Desert The Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert, is an arid region in the north-western part of the Subcontinent that covers an area of and forms a natural boundary between India and Pakistan. It is the world's 20th-largest desert, a ...

, while the tropical evergreen forests have their own representatives, such as the red Helen (''

Papilio helenus ''Papilio helenus'', the red Helen, is a large swallowtail butterfly found in forests of southern India and parts of southeast Asia. Range ''Papilio helenus'' is rarely found in Sri Lanka, southern and north-east India, Nepal, Bhutan, Banglad ...

''), the common bluebottle (''

Graphium cloanthus ''Graphium cloanthus'', the glassy bluebottle, is a common, non-threatened tropical butterfly of the family Papilionidae. Description Upperside, forewing: costal margin up to a line through the anterior half of the cell to the apex of the wing a ...

'') and the Malabar raven ('' Papilio dravidarum''). Indian papilionids such as the common Mormon (''Papilio polytes'') and great Mormon (''

Papilio memnon ''Papilio memnon'', the great Mormon, is a large butterfly native to southern Asia that belongs to the swallowtail family. It is widely distributed and has thirteen subspecies. The female is polymorphic and with mimetic forms. Range Its rang ...

'') show polymorphism with many mimetic female forms. Amongst swallowtails,

endemism Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found else ...

is found only in the Western Ghats. Notable endemics are the southern birdwing (''

Troides minos ''Troides minos'', the southern birdwing, also called Sahyadri birdwing, is a large and striking swallowtail butterfly endemic to south India. With a wingspan of 140–190 mm, it is the second largest butterfly of India. It is listed as Lea ...

''), Malabar banded swallowtail (''

''), Malabar raven ('' Papilio dravidarum''), Malabar rose (''

Pachliopta pandiyana ''Pachliopta pandiyana'', the Malabar rose, is a swallowtail butterfly belonging to the genus ''Pachliopta'', the roses or red-bodied swallowtails. It is an important endemic butterfly of south India. Description This was earlier considered a ...

'') and the Malabar banded peacock ('' Papilio buddha''). This list is based on ''A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India'' by R. K. Varshney and Peter Smetacek (2015).

Subfamily Papilioninae

The swallowtails are generally easily identified in the field by their large size, prominent markings, colour, patterns and variable wing and tail shape.

Tribe Troidini

----

''Troides'' Huebner, 819– birdwings

The birdwings, as the ''Troides'' butterflies are called are large, yellow-and-black coloured butterflies, two species of which are found in the forests of the Himalayas and one species in the Western Ghats. These are the largest butterflies found in India. * Common birdwing, ''

Troides helena ''Troides helena'', the common birdwing, is a butterfly belonging to the family Papilionidae. It is often found in the wildlife trade due to its popularity with butterfly collectors. The butterfly has seventeen subspecies. Description The ...

'' (

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...

1758 Events January–March * January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the sta ...

) * Southern birdwing, ''

'' (

Cramer Cramer may refer to: Businesses * Cramer brothers, 18th century publishers * Cramer Systems, a software company * Cramer & Co., a former musical-related business in London Other uses * Cramer (surname), including a list of people and fictional ...

779 __NOTOC__ Year 779 ( DCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 779 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Eur ...

* Golden birdwing, ''

Troides aeacus ''Troides aeacus'', the golden birdwing, is a large tropical butterfly belonging to the swallowtail family, Papilionidae. Description ''Troides aeacus'' has a wingspan of about but can be as large as 194 mm. In the males the forewings are ...

'' ( C. Felder & R. Felder, 1860) File:Common_Birdwing_Gangtok_Sikkim_2010_04_12_IMG_2735_(4598499218).jpg,

Common birdwing

(''

'')

File:Pa_Southern_Birdwing_11_August_2007_C_(1090343663).jpg,

Southern birdwing

(''

'')

File:Troides_aeacus_formosanus_female_back.jpg,

Golden birdwing

(''

'')

;Red-bodied swallowtails The genera ''Losaria'', ''Pachliopta'' and ''Byasa'' of the Indian ''Troidini'' are commonly called as the red-bodied swallowtails along with the ''Atrophaneura''. They were formerly considered to be subgenera under genus ''Atrophaneura'' till several authorities elevated them to genus level in their publications (e.g. LepIndex; GLoBIS; Racheli & Cotton (2010)). These butterflies sequester toxins from plants and are inedible or poisonous to predators. They also have warning colouration, a phenomenon also known as

aposematism Aposematism is the advertising by an animal to potential predators that it is not worth attacking or eating. This unprofitability may consist of any defences which make the prey difficult to kill and eat, such as toxicity, venom, foul taste or ...

. The red-bodied swallowtails are involved in

Batesian mimicry Batesian mimicry is a form of mimicry where a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a predator of them both. It is named after the English naturalist Henry Walter Bates, after his work on bu ...

complexes as aposematic models which are mimicked by edible species.

''Atrophaneura'' Reakirt,
865 NOTOC Year 865 ( DCCCLXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * King Louis the German divides the East Frankish Kingdom among his three sons. C ...
– batwings

Red-bodied swallowtails with black wings hat are found in low elevation forests along the Himalayas and the Northeast of India. * Lesser batwing, ''

Atrophaneura aidoneus ''Atrophaneura aidoneus'', the lesser batwing, is an Asian species of butterfly that belongs to the batwings group of ''Atrophaneura'', comprising tailless black swallowtail butterflies. Description * Wingspan: 112–162 mm. * Male: Taille ...

'' ( Doubleday, 1845) * Common batwing, '' Atrophaneura varuna'' ( A. White, 1842)White, A. (1842): Notice of two New Species of Papilio from Penang, presented to the British Museum by Sir Wm. Norris. ''The Entomologist'' 1 (17), pp. 28

. File:Pangerana aidoneus 424 female.png,

Lesser batwing

(''

'')

File:Atrophaneura varuna GaroHills Meghalaya.jpg,

Common batwing

('' Atrophaneura varuna'')

''Byasa'' Moore, 1882 – windmills

Black-coloured red-bodied swallowtails with elongated wings, prominent white and red spots, and tails that are found in low elevation forests along the Himalayas and the Northeast of India. * Common windmill, '' Byasa polyeuctes'' ( Doubleday, 1842) * Rose windmill, '' Byasa latreillei'' (

Donovan Donovan Phillips Leitch (born 10 May 1946), known mononymously as Donovan, is a Scottish musician, songwriter, and record producer. He developed an eclectic and distinctive style that blended folk, jazz, pop, psychedelic rock and world mus ...

, 1826) * Neville's windmill, '' Byasa nevilli'' ( Wood-Mason, 1882) * De Nicéville's windmill, ''

Byasa polla ''Byasa polla'', the De Nicéville's windmill, is a butterfly found in India that belongs to the windmills genus (''Byasa''), comprising tailed black Swallowtail butterfly, swallowtail butterflies with white spots and red submarginal crescents. ...

'' ( de Nicéville, 1897) File:Byasa polyeuctes termessus 20140927.jpg,

Common windmill

('' Byasa polyeuctes'')

File:NE Pa Rose Windmill Atrophaneura latreillei 13 April 2008 Namdapha (2488810431).jpg,

Rose windmill

('' Byasa latreillei'')

File:Nevill.jpg,

Neville's windmill

('' Byasa nevilli'')

File:Byasa polla m 429.png,

De Nicéville's windmill

(''

'')

* Great windmill, '' Byasa dasarada'' ( Moore, 1858) * Black windmill, '' Byasa crassipes'' ( Oberthür, 1893) * Chinese windmill, '' Byasa plutonius'' ( Oberthür, 1876) File:Byasa_dasarada_(GREAT_WINDMILL)_2012_10_11_10_10_57_kamlang_(8192408127).jpg,

Great windmill

('' Byasa dasarada'')

File:Crassipes.jpg,

Black windmill

('' Byasa crassipes'')

File:Byasa_pembertoni_434_male.png,

Pemberton's windmill

('' Byasa plutonius'')

''Losaria'' Moore, 1902 – clubtails

Red-bodied swallowtails with club-shaped tails that are found in low elevation forests along the Himalayas and the Northeast of India. * Common clubtail, earlier ''

Losaria coon ''Losaria coon'', the common clubtail, is a butterfly belonging to the Swallowtail butterfly, swallowtail family, Papilionidae. The butterfly belongs to the ''clubtails'', genus ''Losaria''. It includes several subspecies and is found from the An ...

'' ( Fabricius, 1793) now '' Losaria doubledayi'' (

Wallace Wallace may refer to: People * Clan Wallace in Scotland * Wallace (given name) * Wallace (surname) * Wallace (footballer, born 1986), full name Wallace Fernando Pereira, Brazilian football left-back * Wallace (footballer, born 1987), full name ...

, 1885)Xu ZB, Wang YY, Condamine FL, Cotton AM, Hu SJ. Are the Yellow and Red Marked Club-Tail Losaria coon the Same Species?. Insects. 2020;11(6):392. Published 2020 Jun 24. doi:10.3390/insects11060392 * Andaman clubtail, '' Losaria rhodifer'' (

Butler A butler is a person who works in a house serving and is a domestic worker in a large household. In great houses, the household is sometimes divided into departments with the butler in charge of the dining room, wine cellar, and pantry. Some a ...

, 1876) File:Common_Clubtail_(Atrophaneura_coon_doubledayi)_(8676451462).jpg,

Common clubtail

(''

'')

File:ANDAMAN_SPLENDOR_(7999782653).jpg,

Andaman clubtail

('' Losaria rhodifer'')

''Pachliopta'' Reakirt,
865 NOTOC Year 865 ( DCCCLXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * King Louis the German divides the East Frankish Kingdom among his three sons. C ...
– roses

Red-bodied swallowtails commonly found all over India (except for the endemic Malabar rose), which serve as aposematic models for ''Papilio polytes'' in Batesian mimicry complex. * Common rose, ''

Pachliopta aristolochiae ''Pachliopta aristolochiae'', the common rose, is a swallowtail butterfly belonging to the genus ''Pachliopta'', the roses, or red-bodied swallowtails. It is a common butterfly which is extensively distributed across south and southeast Asia. R ...

'' ( Fabricius, 1775) * Crimson rose, ''

Pachliopta hector ''Pachliopta hector'', the crimson rose, is a large swallowtail butterfly belonging to the genus ''Pachliopta'' (roses) of the red-bodied swallowtails. It is recorded as a species of "Least Concern (LC)" by IUCN. Range It is found in India, ...

'' (

) * Malabar rose, ''

'' ( Moore, 1881) File:Pachliopta_aristolochiae_interposita.jpg,

Common rose

(''

'')

File:Crimson_Rose_(Pachliopta_hector)_underside.jpg,

Crimson rose

(''

'')

File:Malabar_rose.jpg,

Malabar rose

(''

'')

Tribe Papilionini

----

''Papilio'' Linnaeus, 1758 – swallowtails

Black-bodied swallowtails, often distinctively marked, some widely distributed, which are edible and form

complexes with danaines or

red-bodied swallowtail Red-bodied swallowtails or ruby swallowtail ( due to the color ) are butterflies in the swallowtail family, that belong to the genera ''Atrophaneura'', ''Byasa'', ''Losaria'', or ''Pachliopta''. They are generally found in Asia (Indomalayan r ...

s. Some species are polymorphic, mostly in the female forms.

=''Papilio'' (''Chilasa'') – mimes

= Medium-sized tailless swallowtail butterflies which mimic the

milkweed butterflies Danainae is a subfamily of the family Nymphalidae, the brush-footed butterflies. It includes the Daniadae, or milkweed butterflies, who lay their eggs on various milkweeds on which their larvae (caterpillars) feed, as well as the clearwing butte ...

, which they fly alongside, both in appearance and methods of flight. Except for the Common Mime which is also found in peninsular India, they are confined to the lower Himalayas and Northeast India. :* Tawny mime, '' Papilio agestor''

Gray Grey (more common in British English) or gray (more common in American English) is an intermediate color between black and white. It is a neutral or achromatic color, meaning literally that it is "without color", because it can be composed o ...

, 1831 :* Lesser mime, ''

Papilio epycides ''Papilio (Chilasa) epycides'', the lesser mime, is a swallowtail butterfly found in India and parts of South-East Asia. The butterfly belongs to the mime (''Chilasa'') subgenus or the black-bodied swallowtails. It is a mimic of a common Indian D ...

'' Hewitson, 1864 :* Blue striped mime, '' Papilio slateri'' Hewitson, 1859 :* Great blue mime, '' Papilio paradoxa'' ( Zinken, 1831) :* Common mime, ''

Papilio clytia ''Papilio clytia'', the common mime, is a swallowtail butterfly found in south and southeast Asia. The butterfly belongs to the subgenus '' Chilasa'', the black-bodied swallowtails. It serves as an excellent example of a Batesian mimic among th ...

'',

File:85黃星鳳蝶2(李榮芳攝) (31590969372).jpg,

Lesser mime

(''

'')

File:NE Pa Blue Striped Mime 15 April 2008 Nameri (2571962550).jpg,

Blue striped mime

('' Papilio slateri'')

File:PapilioParadoxusBingham.jpg,

Great blue mime

(''

Papilio paradoxus ''Papilio (Chilasa) paradoxa'', the great blue mime, is a swallowtail butterfly found in India and parts of South-East Asia. The butterfly belongs to the mime subgenus, '' Chilasa'', of the genus ''Papilio'' (black-bodied swallowtails). It is a ...

'')

File:Open_wing_position_of_Papilio_clytia,_Form_Dissimilis,_Linnaeus,_1758_–_Common_Mime_WLB.jpg,

Common mime

(''

'')

=''Papilio'' (''Papilio'') – yellow swallowtails

:species group ''machaon'' ::* Common yellow swallowtail, ''Papilio machaon''

=''Papilio'' (''Princeps'') – Mormons, Helens, ravens

= :species group ''demodocus'' ::* Lime butterfly, '' Papilio demoleus''

:species group ''demolion'' ::* Malabar banded swallowtail, ''

'' Moore, 1875 :species group ''polytes'' ::* Common Mormon, ''

File:Papilio demoleus - 20120520.jpg,

Lime butterfly

('' Papilio demoleus'')

File:Malabar_Banded_Swallowtail(Papilio_liomedon)_up.jpg,

Malabar banded swallowtail

(''

'')

File:Common_Mormon_Papilio_polytes_Male_by_Dr._Raju_Kasambe_DSCN2214_(2).jpg,

Common Mormon

(''

'')

:species group ''helenus'' ::Large, tailed, black butterflies with prominent yellow patch on upper hindwing markings, which occur along the low elevation forests of the Himalayas, the Western Ghats and some peninsular Indian forests. ::* Red Helen, ''

::* Yellow Helen, ''

Papilio nephelus ''Papilio nephelus'' is a species of swallowtail butterfly belonging to the family Papilionidae. Subspecies include ''P. n. chaon'', the yellow Helen, and ''P. n. sunatus'', the black and white Helen. Description ''Papilio nephelus'' has a wi ...

'' Boisduval, 1836 ::* Andaman Helen, ''

Papilio prexaspes ''Papilio prexaspes'', the blue Helen, is a swallowtail butterfly found in Southeast Asia. The race found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, ''Papilio prexaspes andamanicus'' (earlier placed under ''Papilio fuscus''), is also known as the Andam ...

'' C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865 File:Close wing posture of Papilio helenus Linnaeus, 1758 – Red Helen Butterflies Of Yazali - 9.jpg,

Red Helen

(''

'')

File:Yellow_Helen_Papilio_nephelus_at_Jayanti,_Duars,_West_Bengal_W_IMG_5403.jpg,

Yellow Helen

(''

'')

File:Papilio_prexaspes_Rhopalocera_Malayana.jpg,

Andaman Helen

(''

'')

:species group ''memnon'' ::Large, tailless, black butterflies with blue and white markings, which occur along the low elevation forests of the Himalayas, the Western Ghats and some peninsular Indian forests. Despite the name, only the great Mormon is polymorphic. ::* Great Mormon, ''

::* Blue Mormon, ''

775 __NOTOC__ Year 775 (Roman numerals, DCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 775 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domi ...

::* Andaman Mormon, '' Papilio mayo''

Atkinson Atkinson may refer to: Places *Atkinson, Nova Scotia, Canada * Atkinson, Dominica, a village in Dominica *Atkinson, Illinois, U.S. * Atkinson, Indiana, U.S. *Atkinson, Maine, U.S. *Atkinson Lake, a lake in Minnesota, U.S. *Atkinson, Nebraska, U. ...

874 __FORCETOC__ Year 874 ( DCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Salomon, duke ('king') of Brittany, is murdered by a faction which includ ...

File:Great_Mormon_(Papilio_memnon)_(8073975758).jpg,

Great Mormon

(''

'')

File:Blue_Morman,_Papilio_polymnestor_(8586043032).jpg,

Blue Mormon

(''

'')

File:Andaman28 A Andaman Mormon (7999772804).jpg,

Anadaman Mormon

('' Papilio mayo'')

:species group ''protenor'' ::Large tailless swallowtails which are black above with no white marking and which do not have basal red markings below. Found in Himayas and Northeast India in low elevation jungles. ::* Spangle, ''

Papilio protenor ''Papilio protenor'', the spangle, is a butterfly found in India belonging to the Swallowtail butterfly, swallowtail family. Morphology Male ''Upperside'': velvety indigo-blue black, duller on the forewing than on the hindwing. Forewing with pa ...

::* Redbreast, '' Papilio alcmenor'' C. Felder & R. Felder,

864 __NOTOC__ Year 864 ( DCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Spring – Emperor Louis II (the Younger) marches with a Frankish army ag ...

File:Open_wing_position_of_Papilio_protenor_Cramer,_1775_–_Spangle._WLB_DSC_0081.jpg,

Spangle

(''

'')

File:Close_wing_position_of_Papilio_alcmenor_Felder_&_Felder,_1864_–_Redbreast.jpg,

Redbreast

('' Papilio alcmenor'')

:species group ''bootes'' ::* Tailed redbreast, ''

Papilio bootes ''Papilio bootes'', the tailed redbreast, is a beautiful swallowtail butterfly found in India. Description Male upperside velvety black. Forewing with pale internervular streaks that do not reach the terminal margin and only obscurely extend i ...

'' Westwood, 1842 :species group ''castor'' ::Tailless black or blackish-brown butterflies with white markings, the females or both sexes of which mimic inedible milkweed butterflies. ::* Common raven, ''

Papilio castor ''Papilio castor'', the common raven, is a species of swallowtail butterfly found in Cambodia and South Asia. Description The male has black upper wings, more or less irrorated (sprinkled) with yellowish-brown scales that on the forewing form ...

'' Westwood, 1842 ::* Malabar raven, '' Papilio dravidarum'' Wood-Mason, 1880 File:95無尾白紋鳳蝶3(游釗敏攝) (12943072284).jpg,

Common raven

(''

'')

File:VB 047 Malabar Raven.jpg,

Malabar raven

('' Papilio dravidarum'')

=''Papilio'' (''Achillides'') – peacocks

Large strong-flying black butterflies with distinctive colourful markings, most species of which occur along the low elevation forests of the Himalayas while a few species occur in the Western Ghats and some peninsular Indian forests. :species group ''paris'' ::* Blue peacock, '' Papilio arcturus'' Westwood, 1842 ::* Common peacock, '' Papilio bianor''

777 777 may refer to: * 777 (number), a number * AD 777, a year of the Julian calendar * 777 BC, a year in the 8th century BC * Boeing 777, a commercial jet airliner :* Boeing 777X, the newer generation of the Boeing 777. Art and entertainment Alb ...

::* Yellow-crested spangle, '' Papilio elephenor'' Doubleday, 1845 ::* Paris peacock, '' Papilio paris''

::* Krishna peacock, '' Papilio krishna'' Moore, 1858 File:Blue_Peacock_(Papilio_arcturus)_(8364842473).jpg,

Blue peacock

('' Papilio arcturus'')

File:Open wing of Papilio bianor Cramer, (1777) – Common Peacock.jpg,

Common peacock

('' Papilio bianor'')

File:PangeranopsisElephenorM_489_2.jpg,

Yellow-crested spangle

('' Papilio elephenor'')

File:Krishna_Peacock_-_Alka_Vaidya.jpg,

Krishna peacock

('' Papilio krishna'')

:species group: ''palinurus'' ::* Common banded peacock, '' Papilio crino'' Fabricius, 1793 ::* Malabar banded peacock, '' Papilio buddha'' Westwood, 1872 File:Open_wing_position_of_Papilio_crino,_Fabricius,1793_–_Common_Banded_Peacock_WLB.jpg,

Common banded peacock

('' Papilio crino'')

File:Papilio_buddha_Westwood,_1872_–_Malabar_Banded_Peacock_at_Peravoor_(1).jpg,

Malabar banded peacock

('' Papilio buddha'')

=''Papilio'' (''Sinoprinceps'') – Chinese swallowtails

= :species group: ''xuthus'' ::* Chinese yellow swallowtail, ''

Papilio xuthus ''Papilio xuthus'', the Asian swallowtail, Chinese yellow swallowtail or Xuthus swallowtail, is a yellow-colored, medium to large sized swallowtail butterfly found in northeast Asia, northern Myanmar, southern China, Taiwan, the Korean Penins ...

, 1767

Tribe Leptocircini

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''Graphium'' Scopoli, 1777 – bluebottles, jays, swordtails and zebras

=''Graphium'' (''Graphium'') – bluebottles and jays

= * Common bluebottle, ''

Graphium sarpedon ''Graphium sarpedon'', the common bluebottle or blue triangle in Australia, is a species of swallowtail butterfly that is found in South and Southeast Asia, as well as eastern Australia. There are approximately sixteen subspecies with diffe ...

'' (

) * Glassy bluebottle, ''

'' ( Westwood, 1841) * Common jay, '' Graphium doson'' ( C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864) * Tailed jay, ''

'' (

) File:Common Bluebottle Graphium sarpedon UP by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN1849 (13).jpg,

Common bluebottle

(''

'')

File:Open_wing_of_Graphium_cloanthus_Westwood,_1841_–_Glassy_Bluebottle_March_2016_Jayanti_BTR_(2).jpg,

Glassy bluebottle

(''

'')

File:Common_Jay_(Graphium_doson)_in_Hyderabad,_AP_W_IMG_0487.jpg,

Common jay

('' Graphium doson'')

File:Graphium agamemnon 20131222.jpg,

Tailed jay

(''

'')

* Spotted jay, '' Graphium arycles'' ( Boisduval, 1836) * Veined jay, '' Graphium chironides'' ( Honrath, 1884) * Great jay, '' Graphium eurypylus'' (

) * Scarce jay, '' Graphium albociliates'' ( Fruhstorfer, 1901) File:GraphiumAryclesAryclesMUpUnAC1.jpg,

Spotted jay

('' Graphium arycles'')

File:Veined Jay - Yuwaraj Gurjar.jpg,

Veined jay

('' Graphium chiron'')

File:Pale_triangle_mtmee_feb2008.jpg,

Great jay

('' Graphium eurypylus'')

=''Graphium'' (''Paranticopsis'') – zebras

= The zebras are tailless swallowtails found in the Himalayas and Northeast that mimic the aposematic bluish-white ''

Danaus In Greek mythology, Danaus (, ; grc, Δαναός ''Danaós'') was the king of Libya. His myth is a foundation legend of Argos, one of the foremost Mycenaean cities of the Peloponnesus. In Homer's ''Iliad'', "Danaans" ("tribe of Danaus") and " ...

'' milkweed butterflies. * Great zebra, '' Graphium xenocles'' ( Doubleday, 1842) * Lesser zebra, '' Graphium macareus'' ( Godart, 1819) * Spotted zebra, '' Graphium megarus'' ( Westwood, 1844) File:Graphium_xenoclesCramer,_1775.jpg,

Great zebra

('' Graphium xenocles'')

File:Open_wing_position_of_Graphium_macareus_Godart,_1819_–_Lesser_Zebra_DSC_0232.jpg,

Lesser zebra

('' Graphium macareus'')

File:SPOTTED_ZEBRA_(Graphium_megarus)_Pakke_Tiger_reserve_25_april_2008_202_balakrishnan_valappil_(7596858610).jpg,

Spotted zebra

('' Graphium megarus'')

;Swordtails These butterflies, formerly ''Graphium'', are now divided into two genera ''Pathysa'' and ''Pazala''. They are large white butterflies with black bars in the cells of the forewings, and the hindwings each bearing a long sword-like tail. They are butterflies of hilly forests from the Himalayas to the Northeast, except for the fivebar swordtail which also flies in the Western Ghats and the spot swordtail which is also found in peninsular India and the Indo-Gangetic plains.

=''Graphium'' (''Pathysa'') – swordtails

* Fourbar swordtail, ''

Graphium agetes ''Graphium agetes'', the fourbar swordtail, is a widespread species of swallowtail butterfly found in tropical Asia. It is common and not threatened. Description Males and females upperside white. Forewing: cell crossed by three comparatively ...

'' ( Westwood, 1843) * Fivebar swordtail, '' Graphium antiphates'' (

* Chain swordtail, '' Graphium aristeus'' ( Stoll, 780 * Andaman swordtail, '' Graphium epaminondas'' ( Oberthür, 1879) * Spot swordtail, '' Graphium nomius'' ( Esper, 1799) File:Fourbar_Swordtail-Meghalaya.jpg,

Fourbar swordtail

(''

'')

File:Close_wing_position_of_Graphium_antiphates,_Cramer,_1775_–_Five-bar_Swordtail_WLB.jpg,

Fivebar swordtail

('' Graphium antiphates'')

File:Close wing position of Graphium aristeus Stoll, 1782 – Chain Swordtail WLB.jpg,

Chain swordtail

('' Graphium aristeus'')

File:Graphium_epaminondas_475-cropped.png,

Andaman swordtail

('' Graphium epaminondas'')

=''Graphium'' (''Pazala'') – swordtails

= * Sixbar swordtail, '' Graphium eurous'' (

Leech Leeches are segmented parasitic or predatory worms that comprise the subclass Hirudinea within the phylum Annelida. They are closely related to the oligochaetes, which include the earthworm, and like them have soft, muscular segmented bodie ...

893 __FORCETOC__ Year 893 ( DCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Vladimir, ruler (''khan'') of the Bulgarian Empire, is dethroned by his fat ...

* Spectacle swordtail, ''

Graphium mandarinus ''Graphium mandarinus'', the spectacle swordtail, which is native to India, is a butterfly of the swallowtail family (Papilionidae). It belongs to subgenus '' Pazala'' of the swordtails, that is, genus ''Graphium''. ''Graphium (Pazala) glyceri ...

'' ( Oberthür, 1879) File:78升天鳳蝶1(劉威良攝) (12942740663).jpg,

Sixbar swordtail

''Graphium eurous''

File:Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus-China, Sichuan, Yaan-E-MK-21121a.jpg,

Spectacle swordtail

''Graphium mandarinus''

''Lamproptera'' Gray, 1832 – dragontails

''Lamproptera'' or dragontails, are small swallowtail butterflies with large tails found in the tropical and subtropical forests of Northeast India, and further East. * Green dragontail, ''

Lamproptera meges ''Lamproptera meges'', the green dragontail, is a species of swallowtail butterfly (family Papilionidae) found in parts of South Asia and Southeast Asia. There are ten subspecies. A specimen from Java is the type species of the genus Lampropt ...

'' ( Zinken, 1831) * White dragontail, '' Lamproptera curius'' ( Fabricius, 1787) File:Green_Dragontail_Lamproptera_meges%3F_(24334657302).jpg, Green dragontail (''

'') File:White Dragontail Sohini Vanjari.jpg, White dragontail ('' Lamproptera curius'')

Tribe Teinopalpini

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''Teinopalpus'' Hope, 1843 – Kaiser-e-Hind

The Kaiser-i-Hind is a rare species of swallowtail butterfly found from Nepal and north India eastwards to north Vietnam. The common name literally means "Emperor of India", and it is much sought after by butterfly collectors for its beauty and rarity. * Kaiser-e-Hind, ''

Teinopalpus imperialis ''Teinopalpus imperialis'', the Kaisar-i-Hind, is a rare species of swallowtail butterfly found from Nepal and north India east to north Vietnam. The common name literally means "emperor of India". The Kaisar-i-Hind is much sought after by butte ...

Hope Hope is an optimistic state of mind that is based on an expectation of positive outcomes with respect to events and circumstances in one's life or the world at large. As a verb, its definitions include: "expect with confidence" and "to cherish ...

, 1843

''Meandrusa'' Moore, 1888 – hooked swallowtails

Large sombre-coloured swallowtails with triangular forewings with concave outer margins, sinuously margined hindwing and long outwardly-curved spatulate tail. Found in low elevation forests along the central and eastern Himalayas and the Northeast. * Brown gorgon, '' Meandrusa lachinus'' (Fruhstorfer, 1902) * Yellow gorgon, ''

Meandrusa payeni ''Meandrusa payeni'', the yellow gorgon, is a species of swallowtail found in parts of South Asia and Southeast Asia. It belongs to the hooked swallowtails genus, '' Meandrusa'', of the family Papilionidae. It is also called the outlet sword or ...

'' ( Boisduval, 1836) File:DabasGyasM 484.jpg,

Brown gorgon

('' Meandrusa lachinus'')

File:Close_wing_position_of_Meandrusa_payeni_Boisduval,_1836_–_Yellow_Gorgon.jpg,

Yellow gorgon

(''

'')

Subfamily Parnassiinae

Common Blue Apollo Parnassius hardwickii I IMG 7202

The Parnassiinae include about 50 medium-sized, white or yellow high-altitude butterflies that are distributed across Asia, Europe and North America, of which 19 species fly in India.

Tribe Zerynthiini

''Bhutanitis'' Atkinson, 1873 – Bhutan glory

The genus ''Bhutanitis'' contains large butterflies that are black with thin white stripes above, have red and yellow tornal patches on the hindwing, and a number of tails, which are found in the region of Bhutan, Northeast India, Myanmar, Thailand and South China. * Bhutan glory, '' Bhutanitis lidderdalii''

, 1873 * Ludlow's Bhutan glory, '' Bhutanitis ludlowi''

Gabriel In Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam), Gabriel (); Greek: grc, Γαβριήλ, translit=Gabriḗl, label=none; Latin: ''Gabriel''; Coptic: cop, Ⲅⲁⲃⲣⲓⲏⲗ, translit=Gabriêl, label=none; Amharic: am, ገብር� ...

, 1942

Tribe Parnassiini

''Parnassius'' Latreille, 1804 – Apollos

The Apollos, genus ''Parnassius'' are high altitude palearctic butterflies that are different in appearance from other swallowtails, being of moderate size, with white ground colour, and spotted with red, black and blue. :;Subgenus ''Parnassius'' Latreille, 1804 :* Scarce red Apollo, ''

Parnassius actius ''Parnassius actius'', also known as the scarce red apollo, is a high-altitude butterfly found in Central Asia. It is a member of the snow Apollo genus (''Parnassius'') of the swallowtail family (Papilionidae). Range Found in Turkmenistan, Uzbek ...

'' ( Eversmann, 1843) :* Common red Apollo, '' Parnassius epaphus'' Oberthür, 1879 :* Keeled Apollo, '' Parnassius jacquemontii'' Boisduval, 1836 :* Large keeled Apollo, '' Parnassius tianschianicus'' Oberthür, 1879 :;Subgenus ''Kailasius'' Moore, 1902 :* Regal Apollo, '' Parnassius charltonius''

853 __NOTOC__ Year 853 ( DCCCLIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * May 22 – A Byzantine fleet (85 ships and 5,000 men) sacks and d ...

:* Stately Apollo, '' Parnassius loxias'' Püngeler, 1901 :* Noble Apollo, '' Parnassius augustus'' Fruhstorfer, 1903 :* Dusky Apollo ''

Parnassius acdestis ''Parnassius acdestis'' is a high-altitude butterfly found in India. It is a member of the genus ''Parnassius'' of the swallowtail family, Papilionidae. The species was first described by Grigory Grum-Grshimailo in 1891. Description Note: The ...

'' Grum-Grshimailo, 1891 :;Subgenus ''Koramius'' Moore, 1902 :* Karakoram banded Apollo, '' Parnassius hunza'' Grum-Grshimailo, 1888 :* Scarce banded Apollo '' Parnassius mamaeivi'' Bang-Haas, 1915 :* Greater banded Apollo, '' Parnassius stenosemus'' Honrath, 1890 :* Lesser banded Apollo, '' Parnassius stoliczkanus'' C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865 :* Himalayan banded Apollo, '' Parnassius kumaonensis'' Riley, 1926 :;Subgenus ''Tadumia'' Moore, 1902 :* Varnished Apollo, ''

Parnassius acco ''Parnassius acco'', the varnished Apollo, is a high-altitude butterfly found in Asia. It is a member of the snow Apollo genus ''Parnassius'' of the swallowtail family, Papilionidae. Description Note. The wing pattern in ''Parnassius'' species i ...

:* Royal Apollo, '' Parnassius maharaja'' Avinoff, 1916 :;Subgenus ''Lingamius'' Bryk, 1935 :* Common blue Apollo, '' Parnassius hardwickii''

, 1831 :;Subgenus ''Kreizbergia'' Korshunov, 1990 :* Black-edged Apollo, ''

Parnassius simo ''Parnassius simo'', the black-edged Apollo, is a high-altitude butterfly found in the Himalayas which belongs to the Papilionidae (swallowtail) family. Description Male upperside: dull white, the veins black. Forewing at base and along the cost ...

, 1853

Subfamily Papilioninae

Tribe Troidini

''Troides'' Huebner, 819– birdwings

''Atrophaneura'' Reakirt,
865 NOTOC Year 865 ( DCCCLXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * King Louis the German divides the East Frankish Kingdom among his three sons. C ...
– batwings

''Byasa'' Moore, 1882 – windmills

''Losaria'' Moore, 1902 – clubtails

''Pachliopta'' Reakirt,
865 NOTOC Year 865 ( DCCCLXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * King Louis the German divides the East Frankish Kingdom among his three sons. C ...
– roses

Tribe Papilionini

''Papilio'' Linnaeus, 1758 – swallowtails

=''Papilio'' (''Chilasa'') – mimes

=''Papilio'' (''Papilio'') – yellow swallowtails

=''Papilio'' (''Princeps'') – Mormons, Helens, ravens

=''Papilio'' (''Achillides'') – peacocks

=''Papilio'' (''Sinoprinceps'') – Chinese swallowtails

Tribe Leptocircini

''Graphium'' Scopoli, 1777 – bluebottles, jays, swordtails and zebras

=''Graphium'' (''Graphium'') – bluebottles and jays

=''Graphium'' (''Paranticopsis'') – zebras

=''Graphium'' (''Pathysa'') – swordtails

=''Graphium'' (''Pazala'') – swordtails

''Lamproptera'' Gray, 1832 – dragontails

Tribe Teinopalpini

''Teinopalpus'' Hope, 1843 – Kaiser-e-Hind

''Meandrusa'' Moore, 1888 – hooked swallowtails

Subfamily Parnassiinae

Tribe Zerynthiini

''Bhutanitis'' Atkinson, 1873 – Bhutan glory

Tribe Parnassiini

''Parnassius'' Latreille, 1804 – Apollos

See also

Cited references

Further reading

Subfamily Papilioninae

Tribe Troidini

''Troides'' Huebner, 819– birdwings

''Atrophaneura'' Reakirt, 865 __NOTOC__ Year 865 ( DCCCLXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * King Louis the German divides the East Frankish Kingdom among his three sons. C ...– batwings

''Byasa'' Moore, 1882 – windmills

''Losaria'' Moore, 1902 – clubtails

''Pachliopta'' Reakirt, 865 __NOTOC__ Year 865 ( DCCCLXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * King Louis the German divides the East Frankish Kingdom among his three sons. C ...– roses

Tribe Papilionini

''Papilio'' Linnaeus, 1758 – swallowtails

=''Papilio'' (''Chilasa'') – mimes

=''Papilio'' (''Papilio'') – yellow swallowtails

=''Papilio'' (''Princeps'') – Mormons, Helens, ravens

=''Papilio'' (''Achillides'') – peacocks

=''Papilio'' (''Sinoprinceps'') – Chinese swallowtails

Tribe Leptocircini

''Graphium'' Scopoli, 1777 – bluebottles, jays, swordtails and zebras

=''Graphium'' (''Graphium'') – bluebottles and jays

=''Graphium'' (''Paranticopsis'') – zebras

=''Graphium'' (''Pathysa'') – swordtails

=''Graphium'' (''Pazala'') – swordtails

''Lamproptera'' Gray, 1832 – dragontails

Tribe Teinopalpini

''Teinopalpus'' Hope, 1843 – Kaiser-e-Hind

''Meandrusa'' Moore, 1888 – hooked swallowtails

Subfamily Parnassiinae

Tribe Zerynthiini

''Bhutanitis'' Atkinson, 1873 – Bhutan glory

Tribe Parnassiini

''Parnassius'' Latreille, 1804 – Apollos

See also

Cited references

Further reading

''Atrophaneura'' Reakirt,
865 NOTOC Year 865 ( DCCCLXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * King Louis the German divides the East Frankish Kingdom among his three sons. C ...
– batwings

''Pachliopta'' Reakirt,
865 NOTOC Year 865 ( DCCCLXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * King Louis the German divides the East Frankish Kingdom among his three sons. C ...
– roses